George Alexandre dos Reis
George Alexandre dos Reis, Brazilian immunologist (05 November 1953 – Rio de Janeiro 07 April 2019) Showed the macrophage role in T lymphocytes-induced streptococcal carditis lesions With M.A. Barcinski. Role of macrophage-dependent determinant selection in the induction phase of streptococcal carditis. Lancet 8198 (2):777-9, 1980 With M. Gaspar & M.A. Barcinski. Immune recognition in the streptococcal carditis of mice. The role of macrophages in the generation of heart-reactive lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 128:1514-21, 1982 First to demonstrate that self immunological tolerance is determined by histocompatibility genes With E.M. Shevach. Antigen-presenting cells from non-responder strain 2 guinea pigs are fully competent to present bovine insulin β-chain to responder strain 13 T cells: evidence against a determinant selection model and in favor of a clonal deletion model of immune response gene function. J. Exp. Med. 157:1287-99, 1983 Authored one of the first analysis of cyclosporin-propelled suppression mechanism With E.M. Shevach. Effect of cyclosporin A on T cell function in vitro: the mechanism of suppression of the T cell stimulus as well as differentiation state of the responding T cell. J. Immunol. 129:2360-7, 1982 With E.M. Shevach. Cyclosporin A treated guinea pig responder cells secrete a genetically restricted factor which suppresses the mixed leukocyte reaction. J. Clin. Invest. 71:165-9, 1983 Studied the relation between antigenic memory and autoreactivity of MHC in T cells emulating thymic positive selection With M.E. Shevach. The syngeneic mixed leukocyte reaction represents polyclonal activation of antigen-specific T lymphocytes with receptors for self Ia antigens. J. Immunol. 127:2456-60, 1981 With M.E. Shevach.Analysis of autoreactive, I Region-restricted cells colonies isolated from the syngeneic mixed leukocyte reaction and from conventional antigen responses. Europ. J. Immunol. 15:466-72, 1985 Exogenous antigen control of autoreactive T cell MHC specificity. Immunol. Today 15:597-8, 1994 With M.E. Shevach. Peripheral T cell self-reactivity and immunological memory. Immunol. Today 19(12):587-8, 1998 First description of apoptosis in a parasite disease With M.F. Lopes, V. Veiga, A. Santos & M.E. F. Fonseca. Activation-induced CD4+ T cell death by apoptosis in experimental Chagas disease. J. Immunol. 154:744-52, 1995 With C.G. Freire de Lima, M.P. Nunes, M. Soares, S. Corte Real, J. Previato & L. Mendonça Previato.Pro-apoptotic activity of a Trypanosoma cruzi ceramide-containing glycolipid turned on in host macrophages by interferon gamma. J. Immunol. 161(9):4909-16, 1998 Showed the relevant role that CTLA-4 plays in kalazar immunosupppression With N.A. Gomes, V. Barreto de Souza & M.E. Wilson. Unresponsive CD4+ T lymphocytes from Leishmania chagasi infected mice increase cytokine production and mediate parasite killing after blockade of B7-1 / CTLA-4 molecular pathway. J. Infect. Dis. 178(6):1847-51, 1998 With C.G. Freire de Lima, D.O. Nascimento, M. Soares, F. De Mello, P.T. Bozza, H.C. Castro Faria Neto & M.F. Lopes. Uptake of apoptotic cells drives the growth of a pathogenic trypanosome in macrophages. Nature 403:199-203, 2000
Gastão Rosenfeld
Gastão Rosenfeld, Hungarian-born Jewish Brazilian biomedical scientist (Budapest 26 July 1912 – São Paulo 15 July 1990) From Hungarian father and Egyptian mother from French ascent ACHIEVEMENTS Studied properties of natural toxins Authored many important studies on physiopathology of poisoning by animals A new method for studying Hematozoa Novo método para pesquisa de hematozoários. Rev. Assoc. Paul. Med. 18:306, 1941 Método rápido de coloração de esfregaços de sangue. Noções práticas sobre corantes pancrômico e estudo de diversos fatores. Mem. Inst. Butantan 20:315-28, 1947 Developed Rosenfeld staining, a rapid pan-chromic staining for blood smears combining May-Grunwald and Giemsa methods Corante pancrômico para a hematologia e citologia clínica: nova combinação dos componentes do May-Grunwald e do Giemnsa num só corante de emprego rápido. Mem. Inst. Butantan 20:329-334, 1947 Co-discovered bradykinin (1949) With M. Rocha e Silva & W.T. Beraldo. Bradykinin, a hypotensive and smooth muscle stimulating factor released from plasma globulin by snake venoms and by trypsin. Am. J. Physiol. 156:261-73, 1949 With L.A.P. de Camargo. Retração normal do coágulo sanguíneo. Coeficiente de correção e índice de retração. Rev. Bras. Biol. 9:510, 1949 With B. Janszky & A.T. Leão. Método de investigação da ação de drogas sobre a coagulabilidade do sangue “in vivo”. Seara Med. 6:515, 1951 Introduced a new treatment for chronic leukemia using personal control of maintenance dosis Considerations on the classification frequence and treatment of leukemia. Acta Unio Int. Contra Cancrum 11(3):313-7, 1955 With O.G. Hampe & E.M. Kélen. Coagulant and fibrinolytic activity of animal venoms: determination of coagulant and fibrinolytic index of different species. Mem. Inst. Butantan 29:143-63, 1959 With E.M.A. Kelen & F. Nudel. Hemolytic activity of animal venoms. I. Classification in different types and activities. Mem. Inst. Butantan 30, 1960 Described in detail Rosenfeld neurotoxic facies or myasthenic facies, a pathognomonic sign of the bite by a snake with neurotoxic venom (1960s) Developed a modified standard technique for determining coagulation time Técnica padrão da determinação do tempo de coagulação (modificado). J. Bras. Med. 7:695-711, 1965 With W. Beçak & M.A.R. Barros. Método fotométrico para medição quantitativa de cromossomos (1965) Described hementerin, an anticoagulant of leech Haementeria lutzi With Eva M. A. Kélen. Fibrinogenolytic substance (hementerin) of Brazilian blood-sucking leeches (Haementeria lutzi Pinto 1920). Haemostasis 4(1): 51-64, 1975 Paper in Science With B. Janszky. The accelerating effect of calcium on the fibrinogen-fibrin transformation. Science 116:36-7, 1952
G.N. Ramachandran
Gopalasamudran Narayana Iyer Ramachandran, Indian structural biologist and crystallographer (Ernakluam, Kerala State 08 October 1922 – Chennai 07 April 2001) Authored 250 publications ACHIEVEMENTS Regarded as one of founders of molecular biophysics With W.A.Wooster proposed a length unit in yards for scanning and assessing generally any structure mainly polypeptides With Wooster first determinated the elastic constants of cubic crystals from diffuse x-ray reflections (1949) With Gopinath Kartha proposed the triple helical structure of collagen molecule introducing the concept of coiled-coil structure (1954) Discovered bridge regions in biological molecules, a region bridging α-helical and β-sheet conformations known as Ramachandran bridges With S. Raman derived the correct formula for calculating phase angles from Bijvoet differences in A new method for the structure analysis of non-centro-symmetric crystals. Curr. Sci. 25:348-51, 1956 Applied Fourier transforms and anomalous dispersion to methods of structure analysis Developed a novel Fourier method for structural analysis in crystallography Gave contribution on the use of anomalous dispersion in phase determination in x-ray structure analysis (1956) With R. Srinivasan. A new statistical test for distinguishing between centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric structures. Acta Crystal. 12:410-1, 1959 With C. Ramakrishnan & V. Sasisekharan developed Ramachandran plot or map (1963) Setted the rules that govern the conformation of polysaccharides (1963) With A.V. Lakshininarayana developed convolution-backprojection algorithm used in x-ray tomography (1971) Developed a x-ray focusing mirror for the x-ray microscope Developed a new Boolean algebra vector matrix formalism (1976) Real Atom Grid Approximation (RAGA) – a new technique of crystal structure analysis using only amplitudes without determination of phases of reflections. Acta Cryst. A 46:359-65, 1990 Developed methods for solving conformation or molecular architecture of proteins and others biopolymers Introduced the term topograph in crystallography Eponym of Ramachandran angles HONORS Ewald Prize, International Union of Crystallography (1999) Asteroid Ramachandran 20851 Chemistry Nobel Prize nominee (1964) LINKS http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/51/367.full.pdf+html
G. Chandrasekhara Rao
G. Chandrasekhara Rao, Indian marine zoologist DESCRIBED NEW TAXA Genera Anthohydra 1973 with Salvini-Plawen (Cnidaria) Apolaophonte 1987 with Wells (Crustacea) Asterocomes 1962 (Crustacea) Balucopsylla 1972 (Crustacea) Eoschizopera 1976 with Wells (Crustacea) Helmutkunzia 1962 (Crustacea) Planodasys 1970 with Clausen (Gastrotricha) Psammothuria 1968 with Ganapati (Echinodermata) Species About 80 species in Crustacea, Gastrotricha, Cnidaria, Tardigrada, Echinodermata and Mollusca HONORS (Crustacea) Raowellsia Ozdikmen 2008 Raoleptomesochra Karanovic 2004
Franco da Rocha
Francisco Franco da Rocha, Brazilian psychiatrist and psychologist (Amparo, São Paulo State 23 August 1864 – São Paulo 08 November 1933) ACHIEVEMENTS Authored in 1904 Esboço de psiquiatria forense (Outline of forensic psychiatry) that was translated into German Authored one chapter in Traité Internationale de Psychopathologie, organized under the direction of Pierre Marie His scientific works had wide repercussion in national and international media SOME BIBLIOGRAPHY Alcoolismo e loucura. Soc. Med. Cirurgia Do Rio De Janeiro-Conferência. 1918 Asilo-colônia de alienados de Juqueri. Arq. Criminologia, Med. Legal e Psiquiatria, Buenos Aires. 1902. Assistência familiar aos alienados em S. Paulo. Arq. Bras. Psiqu Neur Ciências Afins 2(1):18-24,1906 Assistência familiar aos insanos em S. Paulo. Arq. Bras. Psiqu Neurol Ciências Afins. 6(4): 397-402, 1910 Combate ao alcoolismo. Gazeta Médica Bahia. 59: 149-153, 1928 Delinquente epiléptico. Rev. Médico-Legal, Bahia. 129, 1897 Estatística do Asilo-colônia de Juqueri. Arq. Bras. Psiqu Neurol Med Legal. 168-172, 1911 Estatística e apontamentos sobre o Hospício de São Paulo, 1895 Moléstias mentais em São Paulo. Arq. Bras. Psiqu Neurol Ciências Afins. 3:274-284, 1907 O beribéri no Hospício de São Paulo. Rev. Médica São Paulo. 1902 Responsabilidade atenuada dos alienados criminosos. Rev. Médico-Legal, Bahia. 179, 1897 Sobre um caso de paralisia geral. Brasil Médico. 225, 1895 With A.C. Pacheco e Silva. A demência paralítica em São Paulo. Arq. Bras. Neuriatr Psiqu. 20(1): 1-22, 1924
Francisco Raggi
Francisco Federico Raggi Cardenas, Mexican mathematician (Ciudad de Mexico 1940 – Ciudad de Mexico 12 June 2012) Authored 38 papers Developed homological algebra relative to hereditary torsion theory Developed methods for studying properties of lattice in nonhereditary torsion theories First to study the big lattice of preradicals over a ring from the lattice theory point of view (2002) and developed methods for studying it Defined finite length dimension Characterized classes of very important rings such as V-rings or semisimple rings Defined prime preradicals and prime submodules of a module Defined the concept of a main injective module, whose fully invariant submodules are in bijective correspondence with all the left exact preradicals